The CDC estimates over 7 million American children aged 7 to 13 have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms like hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity.
Narcolepsy, on the other hand, refers to the sleep condition that causes extreme drowsiness (hypersomnia) by day, including sudden, and potentially dangerous, sleep attacks. This problematic illness affects one in 2,000 people in the United States.
Methylphenidate, a stimulant that belongs to an FDA-approved group of medications called the central nervous system stimulants or CNS, is a drug commonly used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy in children and adults. It comes in several brand names, including Ritalin, Concerta, Medikinet, and Delmosart.
However, methylphenidate, considered a schedule II drug, has a high potential for substance use disorder (SUD). If the person takes higher doses or for creative and experimental purposes outside medical supervision, they may experience tolerance, dependence, addiction, and overdose.
When SUD habits are formed, reducing or stopping the drug altogether may result in withdrawal symptoms. Managing withdrawal is a crucial step in SUD recovery and can be dangerous when done alone.
Proper professional intervention is necessary for people who have a methylphenidate use disorder to go through the withdrawal process safely. If you or any of your loved ones suffer from methylphenidate withdrawal, here’s a breakdown of everything you should know, what you can expect, and the best treatment options you may consider.
How Does Methylphenidate Work?
ADHD and narcolepsy make it hard to function daily. Hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD patients usually cause a lifetime’s worth of problems, be it social, academic, or career. Narcolepsy causes similar difficulties, with the added risk of accidents and injuries.
Methylphenidate increases alertness and attention by upping norepinephrine and dopamine activity in the brain. Norepinephrine is a hormone that increases bodily functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, while dopamine helps reinforce good behavior.
Taken as prescribed, methylphenidate can increase someone’s wakefulness (for narcoleptics) and problem-solving skills (for people with ADHD).
However, many methylphenidate brands like Ritalin and Concerta are often abused. Students, athletes, and professionals use them recreationally to reinforce their academic performance, physical skills, and productivity. Others use the stimulant simply to get high.
Addiction Center reports a higher rate of methylphenidate abuse in the US than any other country. They also found that over 16% of American college students admit to using methylphenidate unprescribed as a “study drug.” This statistic may be due to their high availability, with the US consuming 85% of the world’s Ritalin supply.
It’s important to note that using prescription stimulants in diagnosed patients doesn’t cause substance abuse disorder or adverse negative effects. With proper supervision, long-term intake results in significant alleviation and management of ADHD and narcolepsy symptoms. This applies to both children and adults who suffer from such conditions.
Effects of Methylphenidate Substance Abuse
Because the makeup of methylphenidate is similar to “uppers” and “speeders” like cocaine and amphetamine, some of their effects on the brain are identical. That means they’re just as addictive, with American Addiction Centers reporting that stimulant use disorder may develop only after a week of methylphenidate abuse.
On the short term, the effects of misusing Ritalin and Concerta are the following:
- Markedly decreased appetite
- Significant weight loss
- Frequent headache
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Mood swings
- Anxiety and irritability
- Difficulties sleeping
Side effects typically vary depending on whether or not the person using it has ADHD or narcolepsy. People without these neurodevelopmental disorders may experience more intense effects than those who have them.
Long-term use without proper guidance from medical professionals may result in severe symptoms, such as:
- Paranoia
- Fatigue
- Irregular heart rate
- Seizures
- Panic attack
- Confusion
- Hypersensitivity
- Respiratory depression
- Fluctuations in blood pressure
As it affects mental health, stimulant drug abuse also poses more risk to people with bipolar disorder, resulting in an increased frequency of manic episodes. It’s always crucial to consult with physicians before taking methylphenidate drugs.
Ultimately, repeated misuse of Ritalin or Concerta can cause marked tolerance. When this happens, dependence and addiction may follow.
Symptoms of Methylphenidate Dependence & Addiction
Dependence, which refers to the body’s physical dependence on the substance, is a more common issue with ADHD medications like Ritalin and Concerta than addiction. This occurs when the individual develops an increased medication tolerance, requiring significantly higher doses over time to remain effective.
Drug dependence can also be mental. This happens when the individual associates the drug with particular events or feelings—we call them “triggers.”
Addiction, on the other hand, refers to the chronic health condition that occurs when the person has troubles stopping the substance abuse. Common symptoms of addiction include cravings, compulsive (and often destructive) behaviors, and changes in the brain chemistry.
Other distinguishing symptoms of concerta or ritalin addiction include:
- Intense urges for the drug
- Failing to meet family obligations
- Decreased academic or professional productivity
- Decreased mental sharpness
- Engaging in dangerous behaviors
- Consuming the stimulant in higher doses than intended
- Using the drug in risky situations (i.e., driving)
- Taking extreme measures to maintain a supply of the drug
- Continuing to take the stimulant regardless of its damaging effects
Unlike addiction, dependence doesn’t necessarily involve compulsive or craving behaviors in people from SUD. A drug-dependent individual may even feel indifferent toward the medication. However, because their body has already adapted to the drug, they may feel the negative symptoms of withdrawal when they reduce or stop taking methylphenidate.
Any drug can cause dependence, even if the patient takes them as carefully as the doctor prescribed.
Methylphenidate Overdose
Like many prescription drugs and stimulants, taking methylphenidate in dangerously high amounts can cause overdose. Overdose symptoms from methylphenidate can vary but usually involve:
- Aggression
- Hallucination
- High fever
- Rapid breathing
- Nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting
- Weakness, fatigue, and muscle pain
- Heart attack
- Seizures and convulsions
- Tremors and restlessness
Don’t hesitate to call 911 or other helplines if you suspect someone is overdosing and exhibiting these telltale signs.
Methylphenidate Withdrawal
When dependence or addiction take hold, quitting or reducing methylphenidate intake can cause unpleasant side effects. These withdrawal symptoms are the body’s response to the sudden absence or reduction of the drug after being accustomed to functioning with it.
Signs of Methylphenidate Withdrawal
As a stimulant, methylphenidate affects your brain’s stock of dopamine (the happy hormone). And while it varies from person to person, withdrawing from the drug usually results in physical and psychological symptoms such as:
- Increased appetite
- Irregular heart rate
- Vivid Nightmares
- Irritability
- Brain fog
- Bouts of depression
- Suicidal thoughts
- Panic attacks
- Elevated blood pressure
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
During withdrawal, some patients also report going through a profound feeling of dysphoria. Those who suffer from Concerta may experience psychomotor retardation, characterized by slowed thoughts and movements, as well.
Methylphenidate Withdrawal Timeline
Depending on the type of methylphenidate, withdrawal symptoms vary between 24 and 72 hours from the last intake. Withdrawal from Concerta, the extended-release variant, usually begins faster than Ritalin, the short-acting stimulant.
After one to two days of abstinence, former users typically develop minor symptoms like headache, fatigue, and difficulties in concentrating tasks. During this time, you may also feel a strong urge to use the stimulant.
The longer the abstinence period, the more intense the symptoms become. Within two to four days, a recovering SUD patient may start experiencing mood swings and irritability. Severe anxiety and dissatisfaction may follow as well.
After about two weeks, withdrawal symptoms from Concerta or Ritalin use will begin to subside. You’ll also feel less irritability and fatigue as your body adapts to having no or less methylphenidate in its system.
That said, like most SUD cases, some symptoms, like dysphoria, depression, and anxiety, may persist for several months for some former heavy users.
Detection timetable for Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) drug tests:
Test Type | Detection Window |
---|---|
Urine Test | 1 to 3 days |
Blood Test | Up to 12 hours |
Saliva Test | 1 to 2 days |
Hair Test | Up to 90 days |
Factors Influencing Detection Time:
- Dosage and frequency of methylphenidate use
- Metabolism rate and overall health
- Age, weight, and hydration levels
- Type and sensitivity of the drug test used
Treatment Options For Methylphenidate Withdrawal
Withdrawal symptoms from methylphenidate dependence or addiction are rarely physically dangerous. There are also no FDA-approved medications to treat the symptoms caused by Concerta or Ritalin withdrawal.
Nevertheless, quitting any drug after becoming dependent or addicted to it “cold turkey” is never a good idea. The severe physical and psychological symptoms of methylphenidate still demand careful doctor supervision under an evidence-based treatment program.
People who suffered from methylphenidate addiction long-term could benefit from an inpatient treatment center to go through withdrawal safely and fully recover. You want a rehab center that offers comprehensive detoxification programs, behavioral therapy, support groups, and the highest level of care.
Final Thoughts: Seeking Professional Help
Substance use disorder is a complex disease. It affects not only the individual suffering from SUD, but also the people around them. Thus, treatment must be well rounded, and focused on resolving the root problem and its accompanying symptoms.
Addiction treatment centers like the Long Island Intervention offer individualized intervention and detoxification for people suffering from stimulant medication withdrawal and addiction. We provide expert substance-specific detox programs to help you get back on track.
References
- https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/index.html
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-narcolepsy
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC181133/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633201/
Published on: 2025-04-01
Updated on: 2025-04-01